This disease is found in any region, but it is most common in the foothills of the North Caucasus, in the territories of western Ukraine, in Belarus, and in the Baltic states. This problem is also encountered in the regions of the Russian non-Black Earth region, the western regions of Siberia. And if there are heavy rains in the days of pouring the kernels, get ready to fight this problem. This review will discuss wheat disease, called septoriosis, the causes of occurrence and methods of dealing with this disease.
Table of contents
How to recognize septoria
Ceptoria is considered to be a painful pathogen. They are most often affected tomatoes, cereals, millet, vineyards, gooseberries, currants, soybean and hemp plants. Mainly the disease spreads over the remains of vegetation through swelling of pycnidia on rainy days.
Signs of the disease are considered to be rusty or brown spots, irregular in shape. They are surrounded by a border of yellow color. In the central parts of the spots one can observe black points called pycnidia. It is with them that the fungus multiplies.
After a certain time, the stain covers the whole sheet. With the full development of the disease shoots are affected, the foliage begins to dry, the stems wrinkle and turn brown. Often the foliage falls prematurely.
The causes of the disease
Favorable conditions for the development of the fungus are considered high humidity and temperature in twenty to twenty-five degrees of heat.
How to deal with steptoriosis?
The fight against wheat disease should be carried out in a comprehensive manner, taking into account the phytosanitary conditions of crops. They use not only agrotechnical measures, but also chemical treatments:
- when harvesting the stubble is peeled, then autumn peel - these methods of tillage will help to fully destroy the painful pathogen, located on the remnants of vegetation. During plowing, pycnidia are destroyed, their spores die in two to three weeks;
- it is not recommended to sow neighboring fields with crops, which can be affected by septoriosis fungus;
- is necessary maintain optimum planting time. The greatest development of the disease is observed in winter wheat. In the spring period, the disease is transferred from these fields to the adjacent crops. For spring wheat it is best to adhere to the early terms of sowing, so as not to create favorable conditions for the fungus;
- seed should be pickled, after all, they can be the source of the disease. If the disease affects five or more percent of the foliage, fungicidal agents enter the struggle.
Detection of fusarium on wheat
The main source of the disease is affected seeds and soil composition. Painful pathogens for a long period can persist in the ground and on the remains of vegetation. If the plant has sufficient immunity, the disease will not manifest.
The disease can develop under adverse climatic conditions, on weakened plants damaged by insects.
Fusarium pathogen has a high level of resistance to weather conditions, which helps him to remain viable for a long time. It shows the greatest activity if the temperature regime is twenty-five degrees Celsius, and the humidity level reaches ninety percent.
The main signs of this disease are:
- the tenderness of the affected kernels, the presence of wrinkles deep furrows, points on the sides;
- grain surface loses color either turns pink and does not shine;
- endosperm loose, a decrease or complete loss of vitreousness;
- in grain grooves and in embryonic areas raid appears in the form of a web, whitish or pink. It is possible to discern the pads in which conidia accumulate;
- grain germ loses the ability to live The cut looks dark.
Plants affected by fusarium bloom poorly, turn yellow, lose leaves. The root system develops poorly, darkish vessels are distinguishable at the stem section.
Causes of occurrence and methods of struggle
These include the following:
- crop rotation grain varieties;
- direct crops, performed with minimal tillage;
- susceptibility plants to the disease;
- hot weather, a high percentage of air humidity during flowering, aging and harvesting;
- neglect protective measures.
Today, advanced methods have been developed to combat a similar problem, in which fungicide preparations are used.With their help, the disease is destroyed, and the quality of grain crops remains at the same level.
Disease prevention in the future
To minimize problems with septoria, it is not necessary to take the plant to the open air in rainy weather. It is necessary to control the level of moisture content in the room. It is recommended to ventilate the room, to introduce nitrogen-containing preparations into the soil, to create sufficient illumination. Sowing cultures are treated with special preparations.
If the plants are sick with fusarium, then it is necessary to remove and burn the affected parts, to disinfect the soil. In case of mass lesions, it is recommended to change the areas for planting, use chemicals. Their effectiveness fully depends on timely application. The speed and timeliness of processing ears will have an impact on the final indicators.
Diseases of crops are very serious, can lead to a loss in the quantity and quality of crops. Their timely identification and adoption of appropriate measures can save the situation.